Praktik Manajemen Laba di Sektor Perbankan demi Memenuhi Ketentuan Modal Minimum
Abstract
Penelitian ini menguji apakah perusahaan perbankan melakukan praktik manajemen laba sebelum pelaksanaan aksi korporasi guna memenuhi regulasi penyediaan modal inti minimum. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa bank melakukan praktik manajemen laba sebelum pelaksanaan aksi korporasi seperti right issue, private placement dan akuisisi, baik dalam bentuk peningkatan maupun penurunan laba, demi memenuhi regulasi tersebut. Mengingat jangka waktu yang sangat singkat, bank tidak mungkin bergantung sepenuhnya pada praktik manajemen laba untuk memenuhi regulasi modal inti minimum sehingga dibutuhkan aksi korporasi untuk mempercepat pemenuhan modal inti minimum tersebut. Praktik ini mengindikasikan adanya kekhawatiran dari manajemen bank yang dapat dikaitkan dengan political sensitivity hypotheses, yang salah satunya adalah bank terancam mengalami penurunan kelas dari bank umum menjadi bank perkreditan rakyat jika gagal memenuhi regulasi tersebut. Fenomena ini berpotensi menimbulkan masalah baru: (1) kualitas modal bank menjadi tidak sesuai dengan tujuan regulator dan (2) bank akan terus melakukan praktik manajemen laba demi mendapatkan modal baru mengingat persaingan yang ketat serta kebutuhan modal yang tinggi, terutama pada bank digital, sehingga berujung pada manipulasi dan pemborosan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif melalui analisis uji beda pada manajemen laba sebelum dan sesudah aksi korporasi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan berguna bagi regulator sebagai bahan masukan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas regulasi ini terhadap efisiensi dan fundamental perbankan di Indonesia.
This study aims to examine earnings management in the banking sector to its compliance with the capital adequacy regulation. This study finds that the banking sector had performed earnings management before executing corporate action, such as right issues, private placement, and acquisition. These corporate actions boost the banking sector’s efforts to comply with the regulation since earnings management is not the only alternative in the short-term period. The practice of using corporate actions as an impetus of earnings management indicates that the banking sector has an apprehension about the consequences of failing to meet the regulation as described in political sensitivity hypotheses. The banking sector encounters a huge risk of being downgraded to the lower status that potentially limits its business activities unless it complies with the regulation at the appointed time. This phenomenon can lead to new problems: (1) the quality of bank capital is not in accordance with the objectives of the regulator and (2) banks will continue to conduct earnings management in order to obtain new capital given the intense competition and high capital requirements, especially in digital banks, so that lead to manipulation and profligacy. This study uses quantitative methods through analysis of paired t-tests on earnings management before and after conducting corporate action. The result of this study is expected to be beneficial for the regulator to evaluate the effectiveness of the capital adequacy regulation in respect to the efficiency and fundamentals in the banking sector in Indonesia.
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